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The article is to appear in the upcoming pilot issue of the Arms mag to be unveiled at the Greece arms exhibition. Ivan the Bear =Nothing per-r-rsonal, just business= Tunguska Self-Propelled AA Gun/SAM System The Tunguska 2K22 self-propelled AA gun/surface-to-air missile system has been designed for use against low-flying aircraft and helicopters. Having the required mobility characteristics Tunguska is called on to keep up with and protect mechanised units. It has been developed as a replacement for the ZSU-23-4 `Shilka' self-propelled anti-aircraft gun system. During Shilka's operational use in the Middle-East conflicts it turned out to have quite a few drawbacks. It had insufficient effective range, no more than 2 km, and small yield. Incapable of timely detecting hostile aircraft the ZSU-23-4 often allowed them to penetrate. Shilka featured limited target designation and acquisition capabilities. The system could perform target acquisition over a 15:40? azimuth sector with an elevation angle of ?7?. The Shilka AA gun system was capable of delivering effective fires only when provided with target acquisition data from the PU-12 air defence battery command vehicle. The latter, in its turn, utilised data coming from the division AD command and control centre operating the P-15 (P-19) all-round scanning radar. It deemed appropriate for the calibre of AA guns to be increased. Experiments and calculations showed that increasing the yield 2-3 times, with the calibre changing from 23 to 30 mm, allowed the number of hits required to down an aircraft to be reduced 2-3 times respectively. When engaging a fighter flying at a speed of 300 m/s a first round hit probability rose 1.5 times, with an effective range in altitude growing from 2,000 to 4,000 m. A larger calibre makes it possible to deliver effective fires against ground targets employing shaped-charge munitions to kill soft targets and light-armoured vehicles. The 30 mm calibre practically does not affect the system's rate of fire. Use of larger calibres, however, fails to ensure a high rate of fire. To operate autonomously the future self-propelled system was intended to mount an all-round scanning radar with an effective range of 16-18 km and an elevation angle of no less than 20 deg. To ensure the engagement of hostile aircraft before they could fire their weapons, it was planned to arm the system with additional surface-to-air missiles featuring an optical sighting system and a TV/radio guidance system, which made it possible to kill targets at altitudes of up to 3,500 m and ranges of up to 8 km. Providing minimal reaction time (8-10 s) was another urgent problem to be tackled. It enabled the AD system  to destroy targets boasting extremely short exposure time (the so-called 'bouncing' targets). Short reaction time was equally important when engaging very low-flying helicopters, which pop up from-behind rough terrain features and pose a serious threat to friendly troops. During the war in Vietnam, American helicopters armed with anti-tank guided missiles successfully conducted 89 attacks out of 91 against armoured vehicles, artillery positions, and other ground targets. An exercise at the Donguzsk proving ground, which involved different weapons and live firing at helicopter targets, demonstrated that existing armaments were not capable of coping with flying helicopters. The total reaction time and the missile's flight time to the helicopter positions showed that the Osa, Strela-2, Strela-1, and ZSU Shilka AD systems were not capable of destroying them. The development of the Tunguska 2K22 - the only air defence system capable of engaging hovering helicopters - commenced on 8 July 1970. The development effort was mainly led by the Tula KBP Instrument Design Bureau headed by Chief Designer A. Shypunov. V. Gryazev was Chief Designer of the gun system, with the missile system designed by V. Kuznetsov. The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant (Chief Designer Y. Ivanov) was involved in the development of radio equipment. The GM-352 tracked chassis was devised at the Minsk Tractor-Building Plant. Tunguska underwent extensive joint tests at the Donguzsk proving ground from September 1980 to December 1981. In 1990, the Tunguska AD system went through a number of upgrades and became designated Tunguska-M (2K22M). The major improvements are as follows. The system was outfitted with new radios and a receiver to obtain target acquisition data from the Ranzhir (PU-12M) air defence battery command vehicle and the PPRU-1M mobile reconnaissance and control post. The gas-turbine engine of the auxiliary power unit was replaced by a new one boasting a longer service life. In August-October 1990, the 2K22M underwent tests at the Emba proving ground and after that became operational with Russian AD units. The 2K22s and 2K22Ms were mass-produced at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula manufactured the gun system. The missile system was built at the Kirov-_base_d Mayak Machine-Building Plant. Optical/sighting equipment was produced by the Leningrad Optical-Mechanical Association. The Minsk Tractor-Building Plant provided tracked chassis. The Tunguska 2K22 system's elements are as follows. 1. The 2S6 combat vehicle. It comprises two 30 mm 2A38 twin-barrel automatic cannons with a water-cooling system; eight rail launchers mounting the 9M311 AD missiles in containers; hydraulic power actuators for laying the cannons and launchers; a surveillance and target acquisition radar, a tracking radar, and  an IFF system; optical/sighting equipment with a targeting and stabilisation system; a digital computer, and some other systems. 2. The 30 mm 2A38 twin-barrel automatic cannon. Munitions are fed by a single belt feed system. The 2A38 has an elevation angle ranging from - 9 to + 85 deg. The munitions belt contains four HEI (High Explosive, Incendiary) and one HET (High Explosive, Tracer) rounds in sequence. The cannon's service life without barrel replacement is estimated at 8,000 rounds, given a rate of fire of 100 rounds per cannon and providing that the barrels are cooled afterwards. 3. The 9M311 surface-to-air missile (SAM). The missile is of bi-calibre design with a detachable engine. It features 'javelin' ballistic configuration. The 9M311 weighs 42 kg. The engine has plastic casing. It operates for about 2.6 s boosting the missile to a maximum velocity of 900 m/s and then detaches. The 9M311 SAM is capable of engaging both head-on and receding targets flying at a speed of 500 m/s with g-loads amounting to 5-7 units. The missile payload consists of a warhead with a contact fuse and an active laser fuse. The warhead produces a good penetration effect against the target proper and an incendiary effect against its fuel system. The warhead is actuated by the active laser fuse. In the event of a direct hit boasting a 60 per cent probability the warhead is actuated by the contact fuse. The active laser fuse is made up of four semiconductor lasers forming an eight ray diagram perpendicular to the missile's longitudinal axis. The echo signal is received by photodetectors. The contact fuse is radio command-actuated at a distance of 1 km from the target. When the missile is used against ground targets the fuse is switched off prior to the launch. As to the altitude, the guidance system has no constraints. 3. The surveillance and target acquisition radar. It is a coherent-pulse UHF all-round scanning radar system, which is capable of acquiring targets in conditions of strong ground reflections and passive jamming. The radar  can detect a fighter flying at altitudes varying from 25 to 3,500 m and ranges of between 16 and 19 km. The radar system has a range resolution of 500 m, an azimuth accuracy of 5-6 deg, and an elevation angle of 15 deg. Quadrantal errors for range may amount to 20 m, for azimuth - 1 deg, and for elevation angle -  5 deg. 4. The tracking radar is a coherent-pulse SHF radar system. Receiving acquisition data from the surveillance radar, it begins automatic 3D tracking of a fighter flying at altitudes of 25-1,000 m and at  ranges between 10 and 13 km. Independent tracking becomes effective at a range of 7.5-8 km. The detection range of a helicopter flying at a speed of 50 m/s and an altitude of 15 m is 16-17 km. The radar begins to automatically track the target at ranges between 11 and 16 km. A hovering helicopter can be detected by the surveillance and target acquisition radar using Doppler frequency drift caused by the rotor, while the tracking radar performs automatic 3D tracking. The radars can offer effective countermeasures against active jamming and are capable of tracking targets in complex ECM environment using both their own capabilities and optical means. This provides good protection against the Shrike and Standard anti-radiation missiles. Operating autonomously, the 2S6 can perform the following tasks: - all-round target search by the surveillance and target acquisition radar and sector search using the tracking radar and optical sight; - target identification and position reporting, IFF; - automatic tracking using angular data from the tracking radar, semiautomatic tracking using the optical sight, and inertial tracking - using the computer; - automatic or manual tracking on the basis of the target range using the tracking radar and automatic tracking - with the aid of the surveillance and target acquisition radar. The digital computer can be utilised for inertial tracking on the basis of the target speed determined by the commander and fed into the system. When engaging ground target, the system operates in the semiautomatic or manual laying mode with reference to a lead point on the sighting reticle. Organically, four 2S6s are organised into an air defence gun/missile platoon, which operates as part of an air defence gun/missile battery, the latter comprising one Strela-10SV platoon and one Tunguska platoon. The battery is organic to a regimental AD battalion. The PU-12M command post vehicle is employed as the battery's command post. Along with the Tunguska 2K22 AD system, Tula  developed the Kortik air defence gun/missile system to be used with the Russian Navy CIWS (Close-In Weapon System). The export system name in Russian is Kashtan. The missile being a joint Army/Navy system, Kashtan is armed with six-barrel automatic cannons with a higher rate of fire. The work on improving the Tunguska system is continuing. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Tunguska's GM-352 tracked chassis used to be produced in Byelorussia are planned to be replaced by the GM-5975 chassis developed by the Mytischi-_base_d (Moscow) Metrovagonmash Production Association. The Tunguska can be armed with the improved 9M311-1M missile. Its eight ray active laser fuse has  been superseded by a radar fuse. The flare was replaced with a pulse lamp. With the effective range rising from 8 to 10 km, the operation time of the missiles systems has become longer. The Pantsir-S air defence gun/missile system equipped with a more powerful 9M335 SAM and designed as a land-_base_d theatre AD weapon is a further latest development of the Tunguska system. It has an effective range of 12 km and can engage targets at altitudes of up to 8 km. The 9M335 missile is outfitted with a  more powerful engine, with the calibre growing from 152 to 170 mm. The weight of the warhead has risen from 9 to 16 kg with a diameter of 90 mm. The diameter of the other elements of the sustainer is the same - 57.6 mm. The launch weight of the missile is 71 kg as opposed to 42 kg of its predecessor. The Tunguska's missile being 2,632 mm long, the length of the 9M335 amounts to 3,200 mm. Yet another step to improve the system is the development of the 57E6E solid propellant missile with an effective range of 20 km. The forward part is of conic design. The 57E6E's launch weight increased to 85 kg. To efficiently control the missile at long ranges  it is equipped with a laser reflector. Despite different weights and dimensions the said missiles can be fired both by Tunguska and Pantsir.  Strela-10 Specifications Name Strela-10 Strela-10M Strela-10M2 Strela-10M3 1. Kill zone, km: - effective range 0.8:5 0.8:5 0.8:5 0.8:5 - effective altitude 0.025:3.5 0.025:3.5 0.025:3.5 0.025:3.5 - parameter  3 3 3 3 2. Fighter hit probability 0.1:0.5 0.1:0.5 0.3:0.6 0.3:0.6 3. Maximum target speed, m/s - head-on targets - receding targets 415 310 415 310 415 310 415 310 4. Reaction time, s 6.5 6.5 6.5 7 5. Missile speed, m/s 6. Missile weight, kg 40 40 40 40 7. Warhead weight, kg 3 3 3 5 8. Number of missiles on a combat vehicle 8 8 8 8 9. Entering service 1976 1979 1981 1983 Igla Specifications Name Igla-1 Igla 1. Kill zone, km: - effective range  head-on targets  receding targets 1:5.2 0.5:3 1:5.2 0.5:3.3 - effective altitude  head-on targets  receding targets 0.01:2.5 0.01:2 0.01:2.5 0.01:2 - parameter  2.5 2.5 2. Fighter hit probability 0.44:0.59 0.45:0.63 3. Maximum target speed, m/s - head-on targets - receding targets 360 320 360 320 5. Missile speed, m/s 600 600 6. Missile weight, kg 10.8 10.8 7. Warhead weight, kg 1.17 1.178 9. Entering service 1981 1983 S-300V Specifications Name 9M83 9M82 1. Length (length with the container), mm 7,898 (8,570) 9,913 (10,525) 2. Maximal diameter (with the container), mm 915 (930) 1,215 (1,460) 3. Weight (weight with the container), kg - first stage - second stage 3,500 (3,600) 2,275 1,213 5,800 (6,000) 4,635 1,271 4. Warhead weight, kg 150 150 5. Average flight speed, m/s 1,200 1,800 6. Maximum g-load, units 20 20 7. Effective coverage, km - maximum effective range - maximum effective altitude - minimum effective range - minimum effective altitude 75 25 6 0.025 100 30 13 1 8. Potential target acquisition range (EPR 0.05 m ), homer, km 30 30 Tor Specifications Name Tor Tor-M1 1. Kill zone, km: 1.5:12 1.5:12 - effective range 0.01:6 0.01:6 - effective altitude 6 6 - parameter  6 6 2. Fighter hit probability 0.26:0.75 0.45:0.8 3. Maximum target speed, m/s 700 700 4. Reaction time, s - emplacement - short halt 8.7 10.7 7.4 9.7 5. Missile speed, m/s 700:800 700:800 6. Missile weight, kg 165 165 7. Warhead weight, kg 14.5 14.5 8. Deployment time, min 3 3 9. Number of missiles on a combat vehicle 8 8 10. Entering service 1986 1991 Buk Specifications Name Buk-1 (Kub-M4) Buk Buk-M1 1. Kill zone, km: - effective range 4:24 3.5:25-30 3:32-35 - effective altitude 0.03:14 0.025:18-20 0.015:20-22 - parameter  18 18 18 2. Hit probability fighter helicopter cruise missile 0.8:0.9 0.3:0.6 0.25:0.5 0.8:0.9 0.3:0.6 0.25:0.5 0.8:0.95 0.3:0.7 0.4:0.6 3. Maximum target speed, m/s 600 800 800 4. Reaction time, s 24 22 22 5. Missile speed, m/s 700 850 850 6. Missile weight, kg 63 70 70 7. Warhead weight, kg 57 57 - 8. Channels/targets 2 2 2 9. Channels/missiles up to 3 up to 3 up to 3 10. Deployment time, min 5 5 5 11. Number of missiles on a combat vehicle 3 4 4 12. Entering service 1978 1980 1983 Tunguska Specifications Name Gun System Missile System 1. Kill zone, km: - effective range 0.2:4 2.5:8 - effective altitude 0:3 0.015:3.5 2. Hit probability fighter helicopter 0.41:0.8 0.61:0.9 (firing period) 0.56:0.86 0.85:0.96 (one missile) 3. Total rate of fire, rpm 4,060:4,810 22 4. Speed, m/s 960:980 (muzzle velocity) 600 (average) 5. Missile weight, kg - 42 6. Warhead weight, kg - 9 7. Basic load 1,900 8 8.Weight, t 24 10. Speed, km/h - road - dirt road - rugged terrain 65 32:52 17:27