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Dr. Garry Denke's Stonehenge Whitestones, Gritstones, and Coalstones Neolithic stone circles, henges, barrows, and causewayed camps' of North Western Europe first purpose were as coal exploration sites, being the remains of diggings that yielded no coal. Stones were placed in the smaller test holes, the 'stone circles', because they would silt in much faster than the larger, and deeper, henges, barrows and causewayed camps that had no need of markers. This is how the Stone Age miners recorded where not to dig for coal again, where none was previously found. No maps or coordinates were available to them in comparison to the maps that explorationists have today to record dug and abandoned sites. Given the greater quantity of 'stone circles' on the landscape, in relation to the other methods, the ‘stone circling' mining exploration technique was most popular for it required much less digging work, and time, to evaluate potential coal bearing sites. The different patterns observable today are the result of various Neolithic mining exploration techniques, being the four general types mentioned. However, at some of the 'stone circles' exploration sites, such as Avebury, the ancient miners did actually go back to re-test their prospects from time to time, digging again, being convinced that a second try would yield the much needed coal, in spite of past failure. At Avebury, for instance, evidence suggests the ancient miners went back a third time using a different technique on another go around, resulting in a henge with two 'stone circles'. But alas, no coal at the populated, energy poor, Avebury. Much later many of these prehistoric mining exploration sites were utilized for various purposes, which anthropologists and archaeologists decipher today, however no one developed a comprehensive and conclusive underlying reason for all of these digging patterns in North Western Europe. This is because no anthropologist or archaeologist suggested, knew of, or presented any evidence of coal being used in the Neolithic, and coal's actual first purpose, simple campfire fuel, was masked by limiting its first use to the smelting of _meta_ls. The Stone Age Coal Mining Theory , _base_d on the color difference of a black rock (coal) and a white rock (limestone) chalks in the record covering the exploration, production, and first usage of coal in North Western Europe. The first evidence that black coal was utilized in the Neolithic where both a ‘stone circle' and henge occur was discovered in 1656 by Dr. Garry Denke at Stonehenge Mound, being 100 meters (109 feet) E-SE of the Heelstone. Black Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Westphalian Crosskeys Coal and pale-yellow Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Namurian Millstone Grit rammed in a circular ditch dug in the white Late Cretaceous (Santonian) Seaford Chalk _base_ment outcrop of Stonehenge around a high reef-like pile of white Early Carboniferous (Arundian) High Tor (Birnbeck) Limestone had been found. Because Crosskeys black coal does not outcrop naturally at Stonehenge, its presence with pale-yellow Millstone Grit in a man-made ditch around the white High Tor (Birnbeck) Limestone chalk-like bioherm-like _base_ situated on a seaward sloping hill suggests Stonehenge was a geologic mining school for future anthropologists and archaeologists to study rocks of opposite colors, built during that ancient quest for campfire fuel in energy poor North Western Europe's cold climate unforested areas. The main problem with the generally accepted first cause 'sun worship' theory of anthropologists and archaeologists is this: sun filled winter days were, and still are, freezing cold during the day time; their so-called sun 'god' had let them down. The Stone Age Coal Mining Theory adheres to the fact that Coal is a Stone claiming it was hot fire ('god') from shorter burning wood ('lesser god') and longer burning coal ( greater god ) that never let the Neolithic people down, especially on sun filled freezing cold winter days in the Coal Stone Age. Stonehenge Mound circled by Millstone Grit and Westphalian Coal http://homepages.enterprise.net/sisman/PHOTOs/StoneH1.jpg (Foreground E-SE Stonehenge Mound and Background is Stonehenge) Stonehenge Mound's Coal is from South Wales Coalfield's Crosskeys http://www.xkeys.freeserve.co.uk/geology/coalfield.gif (Stonehenge Altar Stone from Red, Stonehenge Mound from Blue, Stonehenge Grit from Pale-Yellow at Rim, and Stonehenge Coal Stone from Black at Rim) Neolithic Coalfield Quest for Campfire Coal in North Western Europe http://www.anima.demon.co.uk/img/megalithdist.gif (Non-Productive Coal Stone Sites in Blue) http://homepage.ntlworld.com/ross.cuthbertson/geol_sw/map%20uk%20coal... (Productive Coal Stone Sites in Black) Today Explorationists Just use Maps to Record Non-Productive Sites http://www.geo.wvu.edu/~jtoro/Petroleum/petroleum_figs/game/fig3.jpg (Clear Circles having Quarter-circle Pegs are Non-Productive Sites) The Stone Age Coal Mining Theory first exposed South Wales Coalfield rim as the hot play for Neolithic coal stone open-pit miners who gathered coal for campfire fuel. There are no pre-Neolithic or Neolithic stone circles, henges, barrows, or causewayed camps on or along the sides of this basin's outer rims. Why is that? The answer is there was no need to explore there because bituminous coal is on an easy to see narrow 'road' between black coal and white limestone. This area could quite possibly be the original discovery area of 'old black magic' itself, the first coal ignited with a wood fuel campfire built on a coal seam by chance. There has to be some reason the white Mississippian Limestone, Old Red Sandstone, black Carboniferous Coal, and pale-yellow Pennsylvanian Grit were brought to Stonehenge from this area in South Wales, don't you think? According to the Doctor, who examined the Old Red Sandstone Altar Stone and gathered samples by pale and horse, at Stonehenge, and from along South Wales' pale-yellow Millstone Grit circular rim road, counterclockwise in 1656, with black Coal to his left, and white Lime to his right; To find coal here, he said, Just follow the pale 'Grit' road, follow the pale 'Grit' road, follow the pale 'Grit' road,... South Wales Coalfield Limestone to Stonehenge tonnage/date Estimates ~400 tons from South Wales Coalfield to Counterscarp ~31st century BC ~300 tons from Stonehenge's Counterscarp to Mound ~27th century BC ~19 tons from Stonehenge Mound to Heelstone Ditch ~21st century BC a) 1/4 of Counterscarp Limestone (~100 tons) still in place (see labeled Counterscarp in photo). b) 3/4 of Counterscarp Limestone cored remnants (~tstm) still in place under the rebuilt topsoil. c) 56 Coal Fire Pits (56 Aubrey Holes) coated bottom cored remnants (~tstm) still in place. d) *Stonehenge Mound is 3/4 of relocated Counterscarp Limestone (~281 tons) (to left of Drainage Trench ). e) **Heelstone Ditch bottom-half rammed fill (~19 tons) is Counterscarp Limestone from Stonehenge Mound. South Wales Coalfield Grit and Coal to Stonehenge tonnage/date Estimates Mound Ditch ~113 meters (~369 feet) circle circumference in ~21st century BC Mound Ditch ~42 cubic-meters (~1,476 cubic-feet) volume in ~21st century BC Mound Ditch ~58,967 kilograms (~130,000 pounds) weight in ~21st century BC a) Crosskeys Coal circling Stonehenge Mound is Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Westphalian coal. b) Millstone Grit circling Stonehenge Mound is Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Namurian sandstone. c) *Stonehenge Mound itself is Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) Arundian limestone and the artifacts. 3/4's of the full circle Counterscarp used as Claim Markers http://www.orionbeadling.net/CSCARPelev.jpg *Gold, Silver, Brass, Wood, and Stone artifacts in Stonehenge Mound. **Gold, Iron, Wood, and Stone artifacts under Heelstone wings carving. http://www.freewebs.com/garrydenke Dr. Garry Denke's Chronology of Stonehenge Construction Materials 1) Stonehenge White Chalk. The outcrop sedimentary rocks at Stonehenge are the Late Cretaceous Period, Santonian Age, calcium carbonates. The Late Cretaceous Period outcrop sedimentary rocks comprise the first (1st) local in situ construction material used by the Stonehenge builders. This material is approximately 85 million years old. These rocks are locally called the Seaford Chalk Formation. 2) Stonehenge Whitestones. The oldest limestone sedimentary rocks at Stonehenge are the Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) Period, Arundian Age, calcium carbonates. The Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) Period limestone sedimentary rocks comprise the first (1st) foreign construction material used by the Stonehenge builders. This material is approximately 340 million years old. These rocks are locally called the Birnbeck (High Tor) Limestone Formation. 3) Stonehenge Bluestones. The volcanic rocks (oldest geologically) at Stonehenge are the Ordovician Period intrusive igneous dia_base_s (dolerites), and extrusive igneous felsites (rhyolites) and tuffs (basic). The Ordovician Period igneous rocks comprise the second (2nd) foreign construction material used by the Stonehenge builders. This material is approximately 470 million years old. These rocks are locally called the Ordovician Volcanics. 4) Stonehenge Coshestons. The oldest sandstone sedimentary rocks at Stonehenge are the Silurian-Devonian Period micaceous sandstones. The Silurian-Devonian Period sandstone sedimentary rocks comprise the third (3rd) foreign construction material used by the Stonehenge builders. This material is approximately 417 million years old. These rocks are locally called the Old Red Sandstone Formation. 5) Stonehenge Sarsens. The youngest sandstone sedimentary rocks at Stonehenge are the Oligocene-Miocene (Tertiary) Period silicates. The Oligocene-Miocene Period sandstone sedimentary rocks comprise the fourth (4th) foreign construction material used by the Stonehenge builders. This material is
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